Dining Chairs — Questions & Answers
1203 questions answered. Page 4 of 21.
Is a Korean minimal dining chair different from a Scandinavian one?
Korean minimal leans softer: rounder backrest corners, often a bouclé or oatmeal fabric, and lower seat heights around 43–45cm. Scandinavian chairs are more architectural, with exposed wood grain and straighter lines. For a Punggol BTO aiming for the Korean look, choose curves over corners and lighter oak tones.
high arch headboard size guide — what fits a Singapore king bed?
A standard king mattress is 182×190cm, so a high arch headboard should be at least 200cm wide to frame it without exposing the mattress edges. Height from floor: 110–130cm creates the dramatic silhouette, while 95–105cm reads as classic. Allow 5cm clearance behind for wall panel mouldings common in new condos.
How much does a bed cost in Singapore?
A basic plywood platform queen bed in Singapore runs S$550–900 retail, a solid rubberwood queen S$1,200–2,200, and a king with upholstered headboard S$2,800–5,500. Italian-imported king frames start around S$6,500 and climb past S$15,000. Display prices include the prevailing 9% GST; delivery to Punggol adds S$80–150.
What is the difference between a modern light luxury accent chair and modern furniture?
Modern furniture covers the whole broad category of clean-lined 20th-century design. A modern light luxury accent chair is a specific subset: marble-look trim, brushed brass details, velvet or boucle upholstery, and a sculptural silhouette meant as a statement piece. Plain modern furniture uses none of those decorative cues and tends to be visually quieter.
How do I pair a dining chair with a mid-century modern table without clashing?
Repeat one shape language: a mid-century table with splayed tapered legs needs a chair sharing either that splay angle or that exact taper. Echo the wood tone within two shades. Skip mixing in a farmhouse spindle-back chair; the joint detail fights the clean Danish lines. Cushion fabric in rust or olive grounds the look.
What seat height dining chair should I get for a 75cm dining table in Singapore?
For a 75cm table top, target a seat height of 44–46cm. That gives the 25–30cm knee clearance that ergonomic guidelines recommend. At MIDHILL, solid wood chairs in the Lecong showroom can be ordered in 43, 45 or 47cm seat heights. Measure your table underside too, because some compressed marble tops drop the clearance by 2–3cm. Allow 2cm gap minimum so trays slide without scraping.
Are French furniture pieces actually worth the price in Singapore?
French-inspired pieces cost more because the curves demand careful CNC routing plus a multi-step nitrocellulose or polyester finish — not one spray pass. In a Tampines or Punggol condo, those carved details need room to breathe, so avoid cluttering a 1.2m wall with a 90cm wide armoire. Worth it means: kiln-dried ash frames, dovetailed drawers, and a written warranty. MIDHILL finishes French-provincial cases in Foshan with the same hand-rubbed sequence used for Japanese collections, at roughly half boutique-gallery pricing.
Is mid-century modern furniture worth buying for an HDB flat?
Mid-century works in HDBs if you respect scale — a 4-seater Punggol dining room wants chairs under 46cm wide, not the chunky 55cm showroom pieces. Walnut tones survive our humidity better when sealed with cross-linked polyurethane rather than wax. Expect SGD 280–480 per chair for solid wood. Worth it means the joints are mortise-and-tenon, not dowelled-and-glued, because air-con cycling plus 32°C afternoons stress weak joins first.
Is a post-modern bed frame worth it for a master bedroom in Singapore?
Post-modern frames lean on geometry — fluted panels, asymmetric headboards, sometimes stone-look laminates. Worth it if the base uses kiln-dried poplar or ash, not MDF wrapped in veneer. Our humidity swells MDF edges within 18 months. MIDHILL produces post-modern frames in Foshan with closed-cell desiccant crating; ask for the batch inspection photos. Allow 90–95cm headboard height so it does not overpower a 3.2m feature wall in a Jurong condo.
What is the best king bed buying guide Singapore shoppers should follow in 2025?
Step one: measure the bedroom including wardrobe door arcs. Step two: pick a mattress size first — king is 182x190cm, super king 200x200cm. Step three: check the headboard stays under 1.2m so it fits a 3.4m wall. Step four: confirm the slat spacing is under 7cm or add a plywood deck. Step five: demand a kiln-dry certificate. MIDHILL ships king beds from Foshan with edge-banded ply crates plus desiccants matched to crate volume, suitable for our humidity.
Where can I find an American country wardrobe for condo storage in Singapore?
American country wardrobes run 90–110cm wide, which suits a condo secondary bedroom. Avoid anything over 130cm deep — it blocks corridor access. Look for solid pine or ash with shaker-style doors, not foil-wrapped MDF. A Foshan maker like MIDHILL produces country-cottage wardrobes in the same workshop as their Japandi line, so finishing quality matches. Expect 6–8 weeks lead time including sea freight and lift-access delivery to a Bedok or Tampines HDB.
Where can I buy a French ash wood nightstand that actually fits a Singapore lift?
Standard HDB lifts are 1.2m deep x 2.1m tall with a 900mm door, so the nightstand carton must stay under those dimensions. French ash nightstands typically ship at 45x40x55cm — safe. MIDHILL packs them in rigid-base crates with the ash drawer faces vertical in padded slots, never touching. Ask the seller to confirm the desiccant volume before shipping. A 14-day return window protects you if the grain does not match your existing bed.
What dining chair colour stays coolest under Singapore afternoon sun near a window?
Pale grey, off-white linen, and natural ash reflect heat rather than absorb it. Dark walnut and black stain can sit 8–12°C hotter in direct sun, which makes the seat uncomfortable for lunch. If your Punggol or Jurong dining nook gets western exposure, pick a fabric seat in light grey boucle. Wood-frame chairs with an open-weave back breathe better than fully upholstered ones, so perspiration dries faster in our 80% humidity months.
How do I stop solid wood dining chairs from warping in Singapore humidity?
Wipe spills within five minutes and never leave a wet cloth on the frame. Apply a pH-neutral cleaner — silicone polishes and abrasive sprays are the top cause of warranty claims. Keep chairs at least 30cm from the air-con vent so the wood does not dry unevenly on one side. A written cleaning guide ships with every MIDHILL order; follow it and the 10-year structural warranty holds. Rotate the chair usage monthly.
What size rug should go under a six-chair dining table in a condo?
Add 60cm to every dimension of the table top. For a 1.8x0.9m table, that is a 2.4x1.5m rug minimum. Make sure the chair legs stay on the rug even when pulled out — otherwise diners drag the chair off the edge every meal. Pick a low-pile wool or performance viscose so chairs do not catch. Jute works visually but roughs up under felt-tipped chair feet within six months in a Tampines condo.
What is the difference between a side chair and an armchair for dining?
A side chair has no arms and tucks fully under the table, freeing 15–20cm of circulation space per chair. An armchair needs 56–60cm clearance and cannot slide under, so a six-chair table grows from 1.8m to 2.2m just to seat the same number. In a compact Jurong East or Bedok HDB, mix two armchairs at the heads with four side chairs. Avoid using all armchairs — diners bump elbows getting out.
How wide should each dining chair be to fit four adults around a 1.2m table?
Allow 60cm per adult minimum, so four need 2.4m of table edge — a 1.2m table only fits four if each chair is 50–52cm wide. Realistically, pick chairs at 44–46cm wide so elbows clear. Test the seat in person because catalogue widths often exclude the leg frame. For an HDB in Bedok or Toa Payoh, four slim chairs beat two armchairs and two stools — the symmetry helps the room feel wider than it is.
What is the standard dining chair seat height for Singapore tables?
45cm is the local default and pairs with tables from 73–76cm. Singapore adults are slightly shorter than the European average, so a 47–48cm seat can feel tippy. Always subtract 25–30cm from your table top to get the ideal seat height. For a Japanese-style low table at 70cm, drop to 40–42cm. MIDHILL offers 43, 45 and 47cm options on their Foshan solid wood chairs at no extra charge.
What is the best dining chair seat depth for tall Singaporeans above 175cm?
Tall users need 48–50cm of seat depth, not the standard 42–44cm. Anything shallower presses into the back of the knee and causes numbness after 20 minutes. Look for chairs with a slight waterfall front edge. A 50cm seat typically pushes the chair width to 50cm, so plan your table spacing accordingly. For a 1.6m table in a Punggol condo, two deep-seat chairs plus two standard ones avoids the cramped feeling.
What floor lamp pairs with a dark wood dining chair in a Singapore dining room?
A slim 1.5m arc lamp in matte black or brushed brass complements dark walnut without competing. Keep the lamp base under 30cm so it does not crowd the table edge. Aim for 2700K warm white — anything cooler clashes with honey-toned wood. In a Punggol or Bedok HDB with 2.8m ceilings, a low arc lamp works better than a tall torchiere. Avoid shades under 20cm; the beam becomes harsh on glossy chair finishes.
What curtain colour goes with a solid wood dining chair in a neutral condo?
Pick curtains one shade deeper than your chair wood tone. Light oak chairs want oatmeal or sand; walnut chairs want taupe or muted terracotta. Floor-length curtains add visual height to the typical 2.6m HDB ceiling. Avoid pure white — it photographs blue under our 4000K downlights. A linen-blend fabric handles humidity better than polyester, which traps moisture and develops a musty smell within two wet seasons.
What cushion fabric works best on a dining chair in Singapore humidity?
Performance linen and solution-dyed acrylic outperform cotton and velvet here. Cotton absorbs sweat and yellows within a year; velvet traps heat and odour. Solution-dyed acrylic shrugs off the inevitable curry or kopi spill — blot, do not rub. For a removable cover, pick one with a zip so you can air it weekly. MIDHILL pairs their dining chairs with quick-dry foam cores that resist the mildew cycle common in air-con cooled HDBs.
How long does delivery take for a solid wood dining chair set in Singapore?
Sea freight from Foshan to Singapore takes 10–14 days plus 2–3 days for HDB or condo delivery booking. Lift access at most HDB blocks handles a 1.2m crate, but check your corridor width — older blocks in Queenstown run only 1.1m. MIDHILL offers free shipping above US$350 and a 14-day return window. Production itself runs 25–30 days for custom finishes, so plan six weeks total for a custom Japandi chair set delivered to a Punggol flat.
What's the right seat height for a 75cm dining table in Singapore HDBs?
For a 75cm table top, look for a seat height of 45–48cm so there's roughly 27–30cm of clearance for your knees. Anything below 43cm forces adults to hunch; anything above 49cm compresses the thighs. Measure two existing chairs in your Tampines or Punggol flat before ordering — cushions compress about 1–2cm after a year of use in our humidity.
Which dining chair material holds up best in Singapore's humidity?
Solid teak, oak, or ash handles our 80–90% humidity better than MDF or particleboard, which swell at the edges within a year. For upholstery, solution-dyed acrylic or leather wipes clean of curry and sambal stains. Avoid untreated rattan in non-aircon areas — Jurong East ground-floor flats see mould set in by month six on natural fibres.
Do solid wood dining chairs actually warp in Singapore?
They can if the timber wasn't kiln-dried below 10% moisture content. Cheaper chairs with thick slabs (>4cm) cup badly when one face absorbs more moisture than the other. Stick to quartersawn frames with mortise-and-tenon joinery, and run the aircon or a dehumidifier at 55% RH. Keep chairs 30cm away from balcony doors in Punggol units.
What dining chair width actually fits a 4-adult HDB dining nook?
Allow 60–65cm per chair, so four adults need 240–260cm of table edge. Most 4-seater tables sold locally are only 120–140cm long — that's built for a 2-adult-and-2-child setup, not four grown-ups. Measure your corridor too: standard HDB doors are 90cm wide, and a 55cm-wide chair clears that with 35cm to spare.
Which dining chair colour hides scratches and stains best?
Medium walnut, natural oak with visible grain, or sage green fabric hides daily wear far better than solid black or pure white. Light grain patterns camouflage ring marks from mugs and small scuffs at joints. For HDB families with kids, mid-tone wood with a matte lacquer beats high-gloss — gloss shows every fingerprint within hours.
Are Japandi-style dining chairs comfortable for long meals?
Japandi chairs often look minimal but the seat depth matters: 42–45cm supports the full thigh without pressing behind the knees. Look for a slight lumbar curve (even 5°) and armrests at 65–68cm height. Pure flat-back designs suit quick dinners but cause lower-back ache after 90 minutes of steamboat, common in Singapore homes.
What size rug should go under a 6-chair dining table?
Your rug should extend 60cm beyond each side of the table so chairs stay on the rug even when pulled out. For a 180cm table, that's a 240x300cm rug minimum. In a Tampines 5-room flat, a 200x250cm just clears the legs without fully catching pulled-out seats — annoying during dinner parties with 8 guests.
What's a 2-seater chest of drawers for entryway that's not too deep?
Look for a 2-seater chest at 35–40cm deep — anything deeper blocks the corridor in most HDB flats where the entry walkway is only 90–110cm wide. A 90cm-wide, 80cm-tall unit fits under most HDB light switches and provides two drawers for keys, masks, and delivery parcels. Solid oak handles our humidity far better than MDF.
Where can I see a Japanese-style dining chair before buying in Singapore?
MIDHILL runs a showroom in Lecong, Foshan by appointment, but Singapore-bound samples can be viewed at their local distributor warehouse in Tai Seng with 48 hours' notice. They ship a 0.6x0.6m fabric swatch and a small wood block for colour matching against your existing table — useful before committing S$400+ per chair.
How wide does a dining chair need to be for a small Singapore condo?
Standard dining chairs run 45–50cm wide, but slim Japandi designs start at 38cm — saving 12cm per chair around a 4-seater table. That extra 48cm of clearance matters in a 12 sqm condo dining corner in Punggol or Sengkang. Weight capacity is usually 110–120kg for solid wood; check before buying for larger family members.
What dining chair pairs well with a Korean minimalist condo look?
Korean minimal leans pale and soft: white oak, light grey fabric, thin black metal legs. Avoid chunky wood or tufted backs. A 46cm seat height with no armrests keeps the silhouette light. Pair with a 4cm-thick marble-look tabletop rather than heavy solid wood — Korean stylists favour that crisp contrast against warm wood floors.
Is Japandi king bed furniture worth it for a Singapore master bedroom?
Japandi king beds use light ash or oak with low platform profiles (25–35cm off the floor) — perfect for HDB master bedrooms where you want visual height. A king frame runs 180x190cm internal, so measure your door (standard 90cm) and main corridor. Quality Japandi frames last 10+ years; cheaper versions use veneers that peel in humidity within 18 months.
Is a modern light luxury bed frame worth it for a condo in Singapore?
Modern light luxury frames mix velvet upholstery, brushed brass, and channel-tufted headboards — usually 180x200cm king size. Worth it for condos with 3m ceilings and neutral palettes; risky in HDB flats where the visual weight competes with low ceilings. Budget S$1,800–3,500 for a kiln-dried hardwood inner frame; avoid MDF cores which sag after 3 years.
What's a European cherry wood king bed worth paying for?
European cherry (Prunus avium) develops a deeper patina than American cherry — it starts pinkish and matures to a rich amber over 5–7 years. A solid European cherry king frame runs S$3,500–6,500 in Singapore. Worth it if you want a bed that ages beautifully; less worth it if you redecorate every few years, since the colour shift is permanent.
Where can I find a French shoe cabinet in Singapore that actually fits HDB corridors?
French shoe cabinets tend to run deep (40–45cm), which blocks the standard 1.2m HDB corridor. Look for slimmer 30cm-deep versions in white oak with glass-panelled doors — they suit the French look without crowding the walkway. MIDHILL ships a 90cm-wide, 30cm-deep two-door unit that fits 12 pairs and clears HDB doors by 60cm.
How do I clean lacquered dining chairs without damaging the finish?
Wipe with a damp microfibre cloth and pH-neutral soap, then dry within 60 seconds. Never use silicone polishes, abrasive cream cleaners, or Magic Erasers — they break down the nitrocellulose lacquer and void your warranty. A written cleaning instruction ships with MIDHILL orders; warranty claims are mostly triggered by standing water on edges.
What's the actual chair-to-table gap rule for Singapore dining setups?
Allow 25–30cm between the chair seat and table underside, and 90cm of pull-back space so adults can stand without bumping the wall behind. In a compact HDB, that means your table needs at least 90cm of clearance from the nearest wall — measure from skirting, not plaster. Less than 80cm and diners shuffle sideways to leave.
Is French provincial accent chair furniture worth it in Singapore?
A solid mahogany French provincial accent chair at 65 cm wide x 70 cm deep runs roughly S$1,400–S$2,200 locally. Worth it if you enjoy curved cabriole legs, carved crests, and a lived-in château feel—usually against plain walls so the silhouette reads. Less worth it for tight 12 m² HDB rooms because the deep seat and 95 cm back height visually crowd a small corner. Humid climate means avoid unsealed carvings; trapped moisture invites mould inside the florets.
What dining chair seat height works with a 70 cm table in a Tampines HDB?
For a 70 cm dining table, target a seat height of 42–44 cm so your thighs clear the apron with 25–28 cm of elbow room. In a Tampines 4-room HDB, also check that chair width stays at 45–48 cm so two chairs fit per 1.2 m side without scraping the corridor wall. Avoid chairs with a 50 cm+ seat depth if your table is only 80 cm deep—knees will hit the apron when you lean forward to eat.
Where can I see a Scandinavian dining chair before buying in Singapore?
Most Singapore furniture showrooms in Tai Seng, Bukit Merah, and the Tai Seng industrial cluster carry one Scandinavian oak dining chair range. Look for solid oak frames with a 45 cm seat height and a 42 cm seat depth, and a woven paper-cord or fabric seat pad. Expect to pay S$320–S$550 per chair locally. Bring your table’s HODA (Height, Outside dimension, Depth, Apron) measurements; sales staff will confirm clearance on the spot.
What dining chair colour hides scratches and stains in a Punggol HDB?
Mid-tone warm grey (think Fenix Grigio Antrim or a similar NCS S 6005-Y20R) hides both micro-scratches and food stains far better than matte black or pure white. In a Punggol HDB with afternoon sun through the service yard, lighter greys show dust; pure black shows every fingerprint. A satin—not gloss—finish diffuses light and camouflages swirl marks. Test swatches at noon and 6 pm before committing; tropical light shifts colour temperature fast.
What's the right dining chair for a small 4-room HDB in Bedok?
Target a chair no wider than 46 cm with a 42 cm seat depth and no armrests, so two chairs fit per 1.2 m side and the table can still seat six when extended. A solid beech or ash frame with a 6 cm foam seat (covered in removable Olefin fabric) handles Bedok’s east-facing afternoon sun without warping. Skip swivel bases—they need 90 cm clearance behind and will crash into the corridor wall within a year.
What's the best dining chair for a Korean minimal condo aesthetic?
For a Korean minimal look, pick a chair with a 42 cm seat height, thin 4 cm legs in white oak or pale ash, a low backrest (35–40 cm), and an ivory or stone-grey linen-covered foam seat. Skip carved details and armrests—the silhouette should read as one calm line. In a 1,000 sqft Punggol or Sengkang condo, six chairs at S$320–S$520 each total roughly S$2,000–S$3,100, leaving budget for one statement pendant lamp instead.
What cushion thickness actually works on a dining chair for long meals?
A 4–6 cm high-resilience foam cushion (density 30 kg/m³ or higher) works for meals lasting 1–2 hours; thinner pads compress and cause hip discomfort, thicker pads push your seat height above the safe 43–46 cm range. In a Tampines HDB, choose Olefin or solution-dyed acrylic covers that handle sweat and wash at 30°C. A non-slip silicone mesh under the cushion stops sliding when kids push back from the table.
Where can I find a grey solid wood accent chair that ships fast in Singapore?
Look for a solid oak or ash accent chair in a warm grey stain (Fenix Grigio Antrim or similar) with a 55–60 cm seat width, a 42 cm seat height, and a removable Olefin seat cushion. Local showrooms in Tai Seng and Bukit Merah typically stock 2–6 units for same-week delivery at S$420–S$680. Avoid MDF frames labelled “solid wood”—they warp at the joints within a year in our 80%+ humidity climate.
What dining chair pairs with a modern minimalist table without looking clinical?
Soften a minimalist table with a chair that has one warm detail—a woven paper-cord seat, a saddle-leather pad, or a honey-toned ash frame—against otherwise clean lines. In a Jurong or Punggol condo, two chairs with arms at the heads (S$380 each) plus four armless sides (S$280 each) keep the silhouette interesting without clutter. Add a 30 cm linen lumbar cushion on each armed chair in oatmeal or clay for tactile warmth.
What's a boho furniture guide rule for mixing dining chairs in Singapore?
A boho dining chair mix works when seat heights match within 2 cm and widths stay within 45–50 cm, so the table reads as one set even when chairs differ. In an HDB, combine two rattan-back chairs (heads), two solid wood ladder-back chairs, and two upholstered side chairs in a shared palette of rattan, walnut, and ivory linen. Mismatch silhouette, not colour. Budget S$2,200–S$3,400 for six chairs that look collected, not chaotic.
What dining chair fits a narrow corridor in a Jurong East HDB?
For a 1.2–1.5 m wide corridor, choose chairs no deeper than 45 cm and no wider than 46 cm so two still pass each other when pushed back. A solid beech frame with a 4 cm foam pad handles Jurong’s west-facing heat better than MDF. Avoid chairs with cross-stretchers—they snag bags and school bags. Budget S$220–S$380 per chair for a six-piece set under S$2,000 delivered in 7–14 working days.
What's a 3-seater king bed for entryway actually used for in a Singapore home?
A 3-seater king bed for entryway use is usually a deep 200 x 180 cm bench-style bed frame placed in a landed home or large condo foyer for putting on shoes, with storage drawers below. It is not for sleeping despite the name. In Singapore, this piece typically runs S$2,800–S$4,500 in solid ash or teak, and needs a 2.4 m ceiling and a 1.0 m corridor clearance to lift through on delivery day.
How do I clean a dining chair finish without voiding the warranty?
Use a damp microfibre cloth with pH-neutral wood soap, then dry within 60 seconds—never let water pool on edges. Avoid silicone polishes, abrasive creams, and high-pH degreasers; they break down the lacquer film and cause 80% of finish warranty cases. A written cleaning instruction ships with every MIDHILL order, and their 2-year surface warranty covers finish peeling under correct care, with lifetime refinishing available in Foshan.
What dining chair works best behind a 4-chair round table in a small condo?
Behind a 120 cm round table seating four, choose armless chairs no wider than 44 cm with a 42 cm seat depth, so back occupants can still squeeze past without tilting the chair. A solid ash frame with a 6 cm foam seat in light grey Olefin works in a Punggol or Sengkang condo. Skip pedestal-base tables that wobble when chairs lean back. Budget S$1,400–S$2,200 for four matching chairs delivered in 10–14 working days.
What dining chair seat height works with a 72cm dining table in a Tampines HDB?
For a 72cm table, pick a seat height of around 42–45cm so there is roughly 27–30cm of clearance for thighs and lazy Susans. In a Tampines 4-room HDB, measure the corridor (usually about 1.2m wide) before buying, because chairs wider than 50cm will not pivot comfortably. Solid wood seats sit cooler than upholstered ones under our 32°C afternoons.
Are solid wood dining chairs safe in Singapore humidity without warping?
Yes, if the wood is kiln-dried to 8–12% moisture content and finished on all six sides. Avoid chairs with raw end-grain on the legs, because that is where humidity (often 80% RH) enters first. Wipe spills immediately and keep chairs at least 15cm from open windows during monsoon surges so the legs dry evenly.
Which dining chair colour stays coolest in a sun-facing Punggol condo?
Light oak, ash grey, and natural beech surfaces stay noticeably cooler than walnut or black finishes because they reflect rather than absorb the afternoon sun coming through east-facing glazing. In a Punggol Waterway condo, pair light timber chairs with a pale 200x300cm rug so the dining zone reads airy instead of cave-like after 3pm.
How wide should a dining chair be for a narrow Jurong East 4-room corridor?
Plan around 45–48cm per chair at the table and 50cm maximum overall width through doorways. Jurong East 4-room flats usually have 80–90cm doors and 1.1–1.2m access corridors, so anything beyond 50cm will scrape the walls when pivoting. Armless chairs are easier to slide in and out for elderly parents.
Can I get a corner sofa for rental property in Singapore without it getting damaged on move-out?
Yes. Choose a corner sofa with loose, washable covers and a modular base so each piece fits a 1.2m Jurong or Woodlands lift. Avoid white boucle in rentals; it shows stains. Keep the original crate for the move-out inspection, and vacuum monthly to stop dust bunnies, which landlords often photograph as damage.
What dining chair style suits a modern Malaysian condo look in Singapore?
A modern Malaysian condo look relies on rattan-back chairs, light rubberwood frames, and brass-tipped legs for warmth. Match them with a 150cm solid oak table and a soft sage wall (Nippon 5406-4 reads well under HDB lighting). Skip glossy black, because it fights the casual resort mood most owners want for the space.